The abnormal lymphocyte grows out of control and produces more abnormal cells like it. The exact cause of NHL is not known, but there are risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing the disease.
Some of these factors are immune disorders, medicines, infections, lifestyle, genetics, race, family history and occupational factors. Some risk factors differ by subtype. Source: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Reviewed by James O. Armitage, MD. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma NHL Is a type of cancer that generally develops in the lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue found in organs such as the stomach, intestines or skin. In some cases, NHL involves bone marrow and blood.
The fluid is then sent to a laboratory to be examined for abnormal cells. The first steps in diagnosing lymphoma involve a thorough medical history and physical exam. If lymphoma is suspected, samples of the lymph nodes may be taken and sent to a laboratory for further testing. Blood tests to look at levels of blood cells will also be done. The treatment for leukemia is dependent on several factors including age, type of leukemia, and stage of the cancer. Chemotherapy is the most common first-line form of treatment for most leukemias.
During chemotherapy treatment, drugs are used to kill the leukemia cells throughout the body. A single drug or combination of several may be used for treatment. A doctor will determine the best drug to start with. Targeted drug therapy is also an option for some, in which the leukemia cells in the body are tested to determine whether a targeted drug can successfully kill the cancer cells. Radiation therapy, the process of using high-energy waves to destroy cancer cells, is also a common treatment option for leukemia.
This can help stop the spread of harmful cancer cells, but may also destroy healthy cells in the process. A bone marrow transplant stem cell transplant may be done to remove cancer-filled bone marrow and replace it with healthy bone marrow.
The healthy bone marrow from the transplant helps replace the diseased bone marrow. Immunotherapy is also a treatment option for leukemia, although not every person with leukemia is a candidate. Lymphoma treatment is also dependent on the stage of cancer at diagnosis.
Some forms of lymphoma are very slow-growing and can be watched for several years without changes. Your oncologist will monitor the disease with routine physical exams and bloodwork to decide whether the disease or stable or needs further treatment. Chemotherapy is usually the first-line treatment for most lymphomas. Drugs are administered either orally or through an IV to stop cell growth and destroy the harmful cancer cells. Radiation may also be used to damage the DNA of the harmful cancer cells.
A bone marrow transplant may be used to replace the diseased bone marrow with healthy bone marrow. This new bone marrow helps the body begin the process of forming new red and white blood cells and platelets. Immunotherapy is also an option. Some people with active cancer, as well as those in remission, may be eligible to participate in clinical trials to try new and developing cancer treatments.
Some people have a higher risk of developing leukemia than others. Exposure to radiation and other nuclear toxins may increase the risk of developing leukemia. Being a smoker can also increase your risk. Some cancers and exposure to radiation or chemotherapy can lead to a higher chance of developing leukemia later on. Having a family history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL , especially in a parent, child, or blood sibling, puts you at greater risk for developing CLL yourself.
Myelodysplastic syndrome MDS is a group of bone marrow disorders that affect the way blood cells develop. MDS causes the development of abnormal blood and bone marrow cells. When severe, MDS can lead to leukemia. Well, not quite. Though the lymphocytes are key cells in lymphoid tissue, they start out in the bone marrow and migrate to the lymphoid tissue. The proliferation, or growth and multiplication, of white blood cells and their precursors in the bone marrow —and presence in the blood—is a part of the leukemia definition that serves to distinguish many leukemias from many lymphomas.
Hodgkin lymphoma, or HL. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or NHL. Also, some malignancies have features characteristic of both leukemia and lymphoma. There are differences in the incidence, or how often leukemias and lymphomas occur, as well. Overall, more people develop lymphomas than leukemias. Leukemia is the most common childhood cancer, accounting for around one-third of all cancers in children.
The second most common group of childhood cancers is malignancies of the central nervous system, including brain tumors. In contrast, many lymphomas are more common in people over the age of There is overlap, for example, as some chronic leukemias are much more common in older people, whereas Hodgkin lymphoma has its first peak in incidence between the ages of 15 and Both leukemias and lymphomas are considered "blood-related" cancers and involve cells that play an important in immune function.
There are general differences between the two outlined above, yet when broken down by specific leukemias and lymphomas there is much overlap. Perhaps a greater difference is to distinguish these blood-related cancers and "solid tumors. For example, the discovery of the targeted therapy Gleevec imatinib has changed chronic myeloid leukemia from being an almost universally fatal disease to a condition we can now often treat as a chronic disease, controlling the disease for an indefinite period of time.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia was at one time usually rapidly fatal, yet around 90 percent of children with this disease can now be cured. This disease, which had a 10 percent 5-year survival rate a century ago, now has a 5-year survival rate of over 90 percent for early stage and well over 50 percent for stage 4 disease. In contrast, many stage 4 solid tumors, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer are not curable and are almost always fatal over time.
Limiting processed foods and red meats can help ward off cancer risk. These recipes focus on antioxidant-rich foods to better protect you and your loved ones. Sign up and get your guide! National Cancer Institute. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment PDQ — health professional version. Updated October 22, American Society of Hematology. Blood cancers. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures Types of cancer that develop in children.
Updated October 14, Adult Hodgkin lymphoma treatment PDQ —health professional version.
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