Hezekiah's "Siloam" Aqueduct 5. Other Aqueducts at Gihon 6. Bir Eyyub 7. Varieties of Cisterns 8. Birket Israel 9. Pool of Bethesda The Twin Pools Birket Chammam el BaTrak Birket Mamilla Birket es Sultan Low-Level Aqueduct High-Level Aqueduct The "Egyptian Tomb" 5. The "Garden Tomb" 6. Tomb of "Simon the Just" 7.
Other Antiquities 8. Ecclesiastical Sites IX. Tell el-Amarna Correspondence 2. Joshua's Conquest 3. Site of the Jebusite City 4. David 5. Expansion of the City 6. Solomon 7. Solomon's City Wall 8.
The Disruption B. Invasion of Shishak B. City Plundered by Arabs Capture of the City by Jehoash of Israel Uzziah's Refortification B. Ahaz Allies with Assyria B. Hezekiah's Great Works Hezekiah's Religious Reforms Manasseh's Alliance with Assyria His Repair of the Walls Josiah and Religious Reforms B. Jeremiah Prophesies the Approaching Doom Nebuchadnezzar Twice Takes Jerusalem B. Cyrus and the First Return B. Nehemiah Rebuilds the Walls Bagohi Governor Alexander the Great The Ptolemaic Rule Antiochus the Great Hellenization of the City under Antiochus Epiphanes Capture of the City B.
Capture of B. Attempted Suppression of Judaism The Maccabean Rebellion The Dedication of the Temple B. Defeat of Judas and Capture of the City Judas' Death B. Jonathan's Restorations Surrender of City to Antiochus Sidetes B.
Hasmonean Buildings Rome's Intervention Pompey Takes the City by Storm Parthian Invasion Reign of Herod the Great B. Herod's Great Buildings Herod Archelaus 4 B. Pontius Pilate King Agrippa Rising against Florus and Defeat of Gallus The City Besieged by Titus 70 A. Party Divisions within the Besieged Walls Capture and Utter Destruction of the City Rebellion of Bar-Cochba Hadrian Builds Ella Capitolina Constantine Builds the Church of the Anastasis The Empress Eudoxia Rebuilds the Walls Justinian Chosroes II Captures the City Heracleus Enters It in Triumph Clemency of Omar The Seljuk Turks and Their Cruelties Crusaders Capture the City in The Kharizimians Ottoman Turks Obtain the City A.
Jews and "Zionism" 2. The Name. The most ancient Biblical form is yerushalem, shortened in Psalm compare Genesis to Salem, but in Massoretic Text we have it vocalized yerushalaim. In Jeremiah Esther 2 Chronicles ; 2 Chronicles we have yerushalayim, a form which occurs on the Jewish coins of the Revolt and also in Jewish literature; it is commonly used by modern Talmudic Jews.
In Hebrew: The form Hebrew with the ending -aim or -ayim is interpreted by some as being a dual, referring to the upper and lower Jerusalem, but such forms occur in other names as implying special solemnity; such a pronunciation is both local and late.
In Greek and Latin: In the Septuagint we get Ierousalem , constantly reflecting the earliest and the common Hebrew pronunciation, the initial letter being probably unaspirated; soon, however, we meet with Hierousalem -with the aspirate-the common form in Josephus, and Hierosoluma in Maccabees Books II through IV , and in Strabo.
It was replaced in official use for some centuries by Hadrian's Aelia Capitolina, which occurs as late as Jerome, but it again comes into common use in the documents of the Crusades, while Solyma occurs at various periods as a poetic abbreviation. In the New Testament we have Hierousalem , particularly in the writings of Luke and Paul, and ta Hierosoluma elsewhere.
The form Jerusalem first occurs in French writings of the 12th century. The Meaning of Jerusalem: With regard to the meaning of the original name there is no concurrence of opinion. The oldest known form, Uru-sa-lim, has been considered by many to mean either the "City of Peace" or the "City of the god Salem," but other interpreters, considering the name as of Hebrew origin, interpret it as the "possession of peace" or "foundation of peace.
Other Names: Other names for the city occur. In Isaiah , occurs the name 'ari'el probably "the hearth of God," and in the "city of righteousness. In Matthew ; Matthew we have he hagia polis, "the holy city," and in Philo, Hieropolis, with the same meaning. In Arabic the common name is Beit el Maqdis, "the holy house," or el Muqaddas, "the holy," or the common name, used by the Moslems everywhere today, el Quds, a shortened form of el Quds esh Sheref, "the noble sanctuary.
Geology, Climate, and Springs. The outstanding feature is that the rocks consist entirely of various forms of limestone, with strata containing flints; there are no primary rocks, no sandstone such as comes to the surface on the East of the Jordan and no volcanic rocks. The lime stone formations are in regular strata dipping toward the Southeast, with an angle of about 10 degrees.
On the high hills overlooking Jerusalem on the East, Southeast and Southwest there still remain strata of considerable thickness of those chalky limestones of the post-Tertiary period which crown so many hilltops of Palestine, and once covered the whole land.
In these layers, especially the latter, occur pockets containing marl or haur, and in both there are bands of flint. Over the actual city's site all this has been denuded long ages ago. Here we have three layers of limestone of varying density very clearly distinguished by all the native builders and masons: 1 Mizzeh helu, literally, "sweet mizzeh," a hard, reddish-grey layer capable of polish, and reaching in places to a depth of 70 ft.
The "holy rock" in the temple-area belongs to this layer, and much of the ancient building stone was of this nature. This rock is peculiar in that when first exposed to the air it is often so soft that it can be cut with a knife, but under the influence of the atmosphere it hardens to make a stone of considerable durability, useful for ordinary buildings. The great importance of this layer, however, lies in the fact that in it have been excavated the hundreds of caverns, cisterns, tombs and aqueducts which honeycomb the city's site.
Geologically it is distinguished from Mizzeh helu by its containing ammonites. Characteristically, it is a yellowish-grey stone, sometimes slightly reddish. A variety of a distinctly reddish appearance, known as Mizzeh ahmar, or "red mizzeh," makes a very ornamental stone for columns, tombstones, etc.
Climate and Rainfall: The broad features of the climate of Jerusalem have probably remained the same throughout history, although there is plenty of evidence that there have been cycles of greater and lesser abundance of rain. The almost countless cisterns belonging to all ages upon the site and the long and complicated conduits for bringing water from a distance, testify that over the greater part of history the rainfall must have been, as at present, only seasonal.
As a whole, the climate of Jerusalem may be considered healthy. The common diseases should be largely preventable-under an enlightened government; even the malaria which is so prevalent is to a large extent an importation from the low-lying country, and could be stopped at once, were efficient means taken for destroying the carriers of infection, the abundant Anopheles mosquitoes.
On account of its altitude and its exposed position, almost upon the watershed, wind, rain and cold are all more excessive than in the maritime plains or the Jordan valley. Although the winter's cold is severely felt, on account of its coinciding with the days of heaviest rainfall compare Ezra , and also because of the dwellings and clothes of the inhabitants being suited for enduring heat more than cold, the actual lowest cold recorded is only 25 degrees F.
During the rainless summer months the mean temperature rises steadily until August, when it reaches 73, 1 degrees F. In midsummer the cool northwest breezes, which generally blow during the afternoons and early night, do much to make life healthy. The most unpleasant days occur in May and from the middle of September until the end of October, when the dry southeast winds-the sirocco-blow hot and stifling from over the deserts, carrying with them at times fine dust sufficient in quantity to produce a marked haze in the atmosphere.
At such times all vegetation droops, and most human beings, especially residents not brought up under such conditions, suffer more or less from depression and physical discomfort; malarial, "sandfly," and other fevers are apt to be peculiarly prevalent. During the late summer-except at spells of sirocco-heavy "dews" occur at night, and at the end of September or beginning of October the "former" rains fall-not uncommonly in tropical downpours accompanied by thunder.
After this there is frequently a dry spell of several weeks, and then the winter's rain falls in December, January and February. In some seasons an abundant rainfall in March gives peculiar satisfaction to the inhabitants by filling up the cisterns late in the season and by producing an abundant harvest.
The average rainfall is about 26 inches, the maximum recorded in the city being 42, 95 inches in the season , and the minimum being 12, 5 inches in An abundant rainfall is not only important for storage, for replenishment of the springs and for the crops, but as the city's sewage largely accumulates in the very primitive drains all through the dry season, it requires a considerable force of water to remove it.
Snow falls heavily in some seasons, causing considerable destruction to the badly built roofs and to the trees; in the winter of a fall of 9 inches occurred. Robinson among the names of places west of Jerusalem as Khirbet el-Lauz, or, as it should be written, Khirbet el-Auz.
This seems to be Perez-Uzzah. The position, on the road to Jerusalem, near the site of Obed-edom's house, and not far from the site of Kirjath-jearim, all correspond.
David, Ibeing afraid, it is said, to proceed with the ark towards Jerusalem, "carried it aside into the house of Obed-edom the Gittite. Discover the power of SwordSearcher: A complete Bible study package, with thousands of topical and encyclopedic entries all linked to verses, designed for meaningful Bible study. McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia.
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